Here I go again back to my comfort zone, this blog, the only being other than God that I can release all of the thoughts inside that I hide from the people I see or come in a form of communication with. If I were an hourglass of sand right now I would wish that some kid would knock it off of the table accidentally so it wouldn't be my fault but then on the other hand my time here would be up. I'd be happy because I know where I'm spending the rest of my eternity. I'm just stressed from school, finals, school projects, and church..and well people I like.. Yeah, I'm a human as it seems. I have feelings, and feelings for other people. It sucks I know. Because I know that I'm just going to be a hermit for the rest of my life and I'm pretty much trying to accept that right now. Because I know that's how it will be. I [[[[hate]]]] it when I say things like this to people and they tell me "Awwwwweeeee Gaaarebeeear!!!" *rolls eyes inside*...people tell me to cheer up. But on the inside I scream. I don't want to. I help you with your pity party, why can't you let me have mine? I just wish I had someone "real" to talk to, like a friend. But oh wait, let's see how many of those I have...honestly and truthfully. I don't feel like I have any "true" or "real" friends anymore. They have all left, physically/geographically or just moved on to other people. To me it seems that people see me as "Gary". He's just there, and everywhere. To me it seems that no one really wants to know about me or why I'm there. One of the main reasons why I like to volunteer all of my free time to community service projects like 4-H or church is because I HAVE NO LIFE. Joke about it if you want sure. Everyone else does. "OO_O;;; OMG* YOU'RE A GUY AND YOU STRAIGHTEN YOUR HAIR? *giggles*..." oh gee thanks for allowing my already low self-esteem just sink further. People wonder why I don't talk. Hmmm. I don't have anything really to say. I've learned over the years that it's just better not to say anything because when you open yourself up to people you just allow them closer to stab you in your heart/soul. So I just don't open myself to people. Because I don't trust anyone enough anymore after horrible middle school/some high school years. I've just lost trust with people about myself and my personal thoughts on things. Keeping silent only allows society to form you into a box that you did not want to be inside of or be created within. It's like being forced against your will into a stock like back in the early American colonial days in Massachusetts. Here is when people say, "Gee Gary you really need to get things together and get over yourself and get a life. You're 19 almost 20 years old and you don't need to be thinking like this....you are so strange...." People say I'm nice or too nice. I don't like being mean to people because I don't like people to be mean to me. But whatever. I try my best not to judge people but I'm always in the process of being judged by everyone.... The part that really eats away at me is that I like someone or well actually three people sorta. I don't like them all the same though, because they are all different types of people. Person A) is a person that I've actually had a past with, it was only for a few days and was strange. People talked so much and it didn't last. Now I wish that it was back but different this time. I like her so much and she shows all these signs but she flirts with people without thinking about it. :/ She likes someone else though...and I hang out with her all the time. We actually talked about this recently and said that she knows that we'll be best friends and that's it... :( Person B) is someone that I've known for practically half or a quarter of my life but I really didn't start to know her until after graduation. I never felt this way about anyone EVER before. I guess it was because we're soo much alike, it's scary. I guess that's why I started liking her. But it made me sad when she started liking someone and went out with them. Plus, I can tell that she doesn't like me. I mean who does. *looks in the mirror* I wish I could change how I look.... Person C) is someone that I've known for a while and I do like her. Mainly because she actually gives me attention and wants to hear what I say. No one really does that except for my family, very rarely. She is really schön though...I don't want to say it in English because English isn't the right language for it..She also flirts with me and says that she wants a boyfriend but I know how she likes to play around with people. So I don't know if to take her seriously or not half of the time. I enjoy being around her. Mainly because I get attention that I don't get from many of the people that I come in contact with (so I guess my only friend would be the piano that I play....). I would be serious about it but she's not Christian. I can't date someone that doesn't have the same beliefs as me or close/somewhat. Just something I believe in. Blah. I miss days when I would get on MSN on windows back in the day when everyone was closer together and I could just talk to anyone, because so many people would be online at the times when you needed them. They would talk to you like a real person instead of fake ones that people have become now, so busy in life that they forget where they came from to get to where they are. But that's life. I learn from my mistakes and move on, but just wish to linger on that forgotten wind and familiar light, that distant smell, that love that was stronger then but weaker now. Like it says in James 4:14 life is only a mist and then vanishes before the blink of an eye (my paraphrase). True. But it seems oh so much longer than that. Sometimes I just wish I were a note that was played and then forgotten. Or that's how it seems to me a lot though. I'm just here for something because someone needs help and then I'm gone, waiting for the next call. Whatever. I hope I do well on my speech in the morning over Global Warming. I really need to go to sleep now so I can get everything together in the morning. -_- I'm not trying to be a cynic or pessimist or emo but I needed to get that off of my chest and "talk" to someone even if it is my best audience (myself). I'm out, off to sleep. Later....

59. Write a pseudocode algorithm to get three integers from the user and print them in numeric order.

Write "How many pairs of values are to be entered?"
Read numberOfPairs
Set numberRead to 0
While (numberRead < numberOfPairs)
     Write "Enter three values separated by a blank; press return"
     Read number1
     Read number2
     Read number3
     If (number1 < number2 < number3)
          Print number1 + " " + number2 + " " + number3
     Else
          Print number2 + " " + number1 + " " + number3
     Else
          Print number3 + " " + number2 + " " + number1
     Increment numberRead

Teacher did:

Declare num1, num2, num3
Write "Enter first integer"
Read num1
Write "Enter second integer"
Read num2
Write "Enter third integer"
Read num3
Sort numbers
Write numbers in sorted order

C++
int num1, num2, num3
cout <<"Enter first integer"<<end1;
cin>>num1;


Java
System.out.println("Enter first number");
num1=keyboard.nextInt();


Three parts of OOD (Object-Oriented Design)
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism

Are computer professionals licensed?
What is the ACM and why is it opposed to licensing?
What is the IEEE and what is its position on licensing?
Should computer professionals be licensed?

Page 188 in the book (due Wednesday, Test Monday) AHH. X_X;;; XDD

Psuedocode Functionality

Variables
-Names of place to store values

Assignment
- Storing the value of an expression into a variable.

Output

Input

Repetition

Selection
-Making a choice to execute or skip a statement (or group of statements)

Selection
-Choose to execute one statement (or group of statements) or another statement (or group of statements)

NumberRead   number1    number2
3
                                55               70            55     70
                                  2                1               1       2
                                33               33            33     33
Data
3
55 70
2 1
33 33
numberOfPairs
3

C++ (AHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void main ()
{
   int numberread, number1, number2, numberofpairs;

   cout << "How many pairs of values are to be read";
   cin >> numberofpairs;
 numberread=0;

while(numberread < numberofpairs)
{
   cout << "Enter two numbers separated by a blank; press return";
 cin >> number1;
 cin >> number2;
if (number1 < number2)
 cout << number1 << " " << number2;
else
   cout << number2 << " " << number1;
 numberread = numberread + 1;
}
}

Top-Down Design

Top-Down Design
-Problem-Solving technique in which the problem is divided into subproblems; the process is applied to each subproblem.

Modules
-Self-contained collection of steps, that solve a proble or subproblem

Abstract Ste-
-An algorithmic step containing unspecified details

Concrete Step
-An algortithm step in which all details are specified.

Problem
-Create a list that....etc

Chapter 6 Problem solving and Algorithm Design

Problem solving
-the act of finding a solution to a perplexing, distressing, vexing, or unsettled question.

How do you solve problems?
1) Understand the problem
2) devise a plan
...

Ask questions!
What do I know about the problem?
What is the information that I have to process in order to find..

Ask question! Never reinvent the wheel!
Similar problems come up again and again in different guises.

A good programmer recognizes a task or subtask that has been solved before and plugs in the solution.

Divide and Conquer!

Break up a large problem into smaller units and solve each smaller problem.
-Applies the concept of abstraction
-The divide-and-conquer approach can be applied over and over again until each subtask is manageable.

Algorithm
-A set of unambiguous instructions for solving a problem or subproblem in a finite amount of time using a finite amount of data.

Computer-Problem Solving
Analysis and Specification Phase
-Analyze
-Specification

Algorithm Decvelopment Phase
-Develop algorithm
-Test algorithm

Implementation Phase
-Code algorithm
-Test algorithm

Maintenance Phase
-Use
-Maintain

Pseudocode
-A mixture of English and formatting to make the steps in an algorithm explicit.
-Algorithm to Convert base -10 number to other bases.
[White the (the quotient is not zero).
Divide the decimal number by the new base...]

Two methodologies used to develop computer solutions to a problem
-Top-down design focuses on the tasks to be done
-Object-orientated design focuses on the data involved

Psuedocode
A way of expressing algorithms that uses a mixture of English phrases and indention to make the steps in the solution explicit.

Variables
-Names of places to store values

Assignment
-Storing the value of an expression into a variable

Output
-Printing a value on an output device

Input
-Getting values from the outside...

Repetition
-Repeating a series of statements.

Selection
-Making a choice to execute or skip a statement (or group of statements)

Chapter 5

--Admiral Grace Murray Hopper
A coil of wire nearly 1,000 feet long
-Distance traveled by an electron along the wire in the space of a microsecond.

A short piece of wire
-In the space of a nanosecond.

A bag containing grains of pepper
-In the space of a picosecond.

dot pitch is the distance between the pixels on your screen. Smaller number is better screen resolution and better picture.

Memory
A collection of cells, each with a unique physical address; both addresses and contents are in binary.

Processor has Arithmetic/Logic Unit

Performs basic arithmetic operations such as adding.

Performs logical operations such as AND, OR, and NOT.

Most modern ALU's have a small amount of special storage units called registers.

Control unit
-The organizing force in the computer.

Instruction register (IR)
-Contains the instruction that is being executed.

Program counter (PC)
-Contains the address of the next instruction to be executed.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)
-ALU and the control unit called the, or CPU.

Bus
-A set of wires that connect all major sections.

The Fetch-Execute Cycle

Fetch the next instruction
Decode the instruction
Get data if needed
Execute the instruction

RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory)

Seek time
-time it takes for read/write head...

Chapter 4 cont...

A transistor has three terminals
- A source
- A base
- An emitter, typically connected to a ground wire

If the electrical signal is grounded, it is allowed to flow through an alternative route to the ground (literally) where it can do no harm.

The easiest gates to create are the NOT, NAND, and NOR gates.

Combination circuit
The input values explicitly determine the output

Sequential circuit
The output is a function of the input values and the existing state of the circuit.
We describe the circuit operations using: Boolean expressions, Logic diagrams, and Truth tables.

Combinational Circuits
Gates are combined into circuits by using the output of one gate as the input for another.

Three inputs require eight rows to describe all possible input combinations. This same circuit using a Boolean expression is (AB + AC).

Consider the following Boolean expression A(B+C) "+ means or"

Circuit equivalence
Two circuits that produce the same output for identical input

Boolean algebra allows us to apply provable mathematical principles to help design circuits.

A(B+C)=AB+BC (distributive law) so circuits must be equivalent.

<u>Properties of Boolean Algebra</u>
Commutative AB=BA
Associated (AB)C=A(BC)
Distributive A(B+C)=(AB)+(AC)
Identity A1=A
Complement A(A')=0
DeMorgan's law (AB)'=A' OR B'

Adders

At the digital logic level, addition is performed in binary.

The result of adding two binary digits could produce a carry value

Recall that 1+1=10 in base two

Half adder
A circuit that computers the sum of two bits and produces the correct carry bit.

Circuit diagram representing a half adder.

Boolean expressions sum = A (+) B carry = AB    "(+) means exclusive or"

Full adder
A circuit that takes the carry-in value into account.

Multiplexer
A circuit that uses a few input control signals to determine which of several output data lines is routed to its output.

Circuits as Memory
Digital circuits can be used to store information.
The circuits form a dequential circuit....etcccccccc

Integrated circuit (also called a chip)

A piece of silicon on which multiple gates have been embedded.

Silicon pieces are mounted on a plastic ceramic package with pins along the edges that can be soldered onto circuit boards or inserted into appropriate sockets.

Integrated circuits (IC) are classified by the number of gates contained in them.

SSI Smal-Scale Integration 1 - 10 gates
MSI Medium-Scale Integration 10 - 100 gates
LSI Large Scale -100 - 100,000
VLSI Very-Large-Scale more than 100,000

CPU Chips
The most important integrated circuit in any computer is the Central Preocessing Unit, or CPU....etc

Chapter 4 Gates and Circuits

Gate-
A device that performs a basic operation on electrical signals

Circuits -
Gates combined to perform more complicated tasks

Boolean expressions
Uses Boolean algebra, a mathematical notation for expressing two; calculated logic

Logic diagrams
A graphical representation of a circuit; each gate has its own symbol

Truth tables
A table showing all possible input value and the associated output values.

Six types of gates
-NOT
-AND
-OR
-XOR
-NAND
-NOR

Typically, logic diagrams are black and white with gates distinguished only by their shape.
 We use color for emphasis (and fun)

**fun...psssft yeah right.

A NOT gate accepts one input signal (0 or 1) and returns the opposite signal as output.
Triangle small circle
Boolean expression X = A'

Truth table
A X
0 1
1 0

An AND gate accepts two input signals

If both are 1, the output is 1; otherwise, the output is 0
Boolean expression X= A x B
A
       D (looking shape)      X
B

Truth table
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

An OR gate accepts two input signals

If both are 0, the output is 0; otherwise, the output is 1

Boolean Expression X = A + B

A
        Fin looking shape X
B

Truth Table
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

An XOR gate accepts two input signals Exclusive OR

If both are the same, the output is; otherwise, the output is 1

Boolean Expression X A (+) B

A
         ) Fin shape   X
B

Truth Table
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Note the difference between the XOR gate and the OR gate; they differ only in one input situation.

The NAND gate accepts two input signals

If both are 1, the output is 0; otherwise, the output is 1

Boolean Expression X = (A x B)'

A
         Dsmall circle    X
B

Truth Table
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

The NOR gate accepts two input signals

If both are 0, the output is 1; otherwise, the output is 0

Boolean Expression X = (A + B) '

A
          Fin shape Small Circle   X
B

Truth Table
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

A NOT gate inverts its single input

AN AND gate produces 1 if both input values are 1

AN OR ate produces 0 if both input values are 0

An XOR gate prodcuces 0 if input values are the same

A NAND gate prodcuces 0 if both inputs are 1

A NOR gate produces a 1 if both inputs are 0

Gates with more inputs

Gates can be desgined to accept three or more input values

A three-iunput AND gate, for exampl, prodcuces and output of 1 only if all input values are 1

Boolean Expression  X = A x B x C

A
B        D shape   X
C

Truth Table
A B C X
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
etcccccc

Constructing Gates

Transitor
A device that acts either as a wire that conducts electicity or as a resitor that blocks the flow of electricity, depending on the voltage level of an input signal

A transitor has no moving parts, yet acts like a switch

It is made of a semiconductor material, which is neither a particulary good conductor of electricity nor a particularly good insulator.

Huffman Coding
1011111001010
DRAEB

00	A
	E
	L
	O
	R
	B
	D

**teacher admits he used to be a nerd for stereo systems, used to read magazines about learning which was better with harmonic sounds, etc. lol.

CD's store audio information digitally.

On the surface of the CD are microscopic puts that represent binary digits.

A low intensity laser is pointed a the disk.

--__--__--_ is square wave

Colour
-Perception of the frequencies of light that reach the retinas of our eyes.

Retinas have three types of colour photoreceptor cone cells that correspond to the colors of red, green, and blue.

Colour is expressed as an RGB (red-gree-blue_ value--three numbers that indicate the relative contribution of each of these three primary colours.

AN RGB calue of (255,255,0) maximizes the contribution of red and green, and minimizes the contribution of blue, which results in a bright yellow.

**OMG* They are arguing over the colour for white & black! Wow. lol. Some say O_o;; it's black oh it's white! Get over it...... >_<

Colours are in 8 bits...so you can have 16 million colours.
32bits is 42 billion colours

GIF- 256 colours
JPEG-TIFF - 16 million colours

Colour depth
-the amount of data that is used to represent a colour

HiColour
-1 16 bit colorur depth: five bits used for each number in an rgb value with the extra bit somethings used to represent transparency...

A browser may support only a certain number of specfic colours, creating a palette from which to choose.

Digitizing a picture
-Representing it as a collection of indivudal dots called pixels.

Resolutiuon
-The number of pixels used to repesent a picture.

Raster graphics
-Strogae of data on a pixel-by-pixel basis Bitmap (BMP), GIF, JPEG, and PNG are raster-graphics.

Bitmap format
Contains teh pixel colour valuse of the image from left to right and from top to bottom.

GIF format (indexed color)
Each image is made up of only 256 colours.

JPEG format
Average colour hues over short distances.

PNG format
Like GIF but acheives greater compression with wider range fo colour depths.

Vector graphcis
A format that describes an image in terms of lines and geometric shapes.

A vector graphic is a....

vector graphics can be resized mathematically and changes can be calculated...

Representing Video

Video codec COmpressor/DECompressor
Methods used to shrink the size of a movie to allow it to be played on.

Temproal compression
A technique based on differences btetween consective frames: if most of an image in two frams hasn't changed, why should we waste space to duplicate all of the simmilar information?

Spatial compression
A technique....

**AWESOME we're going over the study guide now. lol Josh helped me so much last night trying to figure a lot of this mess out.

*HECK YES. I'm getting these numbers right with converting hexadecimal to binary!!! :D :D :D :D WOOOO HOOO!!! :D :D :D hahahaha

Chapter Three - Data Representation

data compression 0 reduction in the amount of space needed to store a piece of data

compression ratio - the size of the compressed data divided by the size of the original data

a data compression tecniques can be
 -lossless, which means the data can be retrieved without any loss of the original information

-lossy, which means some information may be lost in the process of compaction

analog & digital information

Computers are finite!
How do we represent an infinite world?

We represent enough of the world to satisfy our computational needs and our senses of sight and sound.

Information can be represented in one of two ways: analog or digital

Analog data
-A continuous representation, analogous to the actual information it represents

Digital data
-A discrete representation, breaking the information up into separate elements.

Thermometer is an analog device.

Computers cannot work well with analog data, so we digitize the data.

Digitize
-Breaking data into pieces and representing those pieces separately.
  How do we use binary to represent digitized data?

Electronic Signals
Important facts about electronic signals
-An analog signal continually fluctuates in voltage up and down
-A digital signal has only a high or low state, corresponding to the two binary digits.
-All electronic signals (both analog and digital) degrade as they moved down a line
-The voltage of the signal flcutuates tdue to envrinomental factors.

Periodically, a digital signal is reclocked to regain its original shape.

Binary Representations

One bit can be either 0 or 1

One bit can repesent two things (Why?) 0 1 2 3

Two bits can represent four things (Why?) 00 01  10  11

Chances of winning Cash 3 Lottery is 1,000. Because you have 000 & 999 and is represented by the 10^umpth power.

2^n power will get you the number in bytes. 2^1=2 2^2=4 2^3=8 2^4=16 2^5=32 2^6=64 2^7=128 2^8=256

How many things can three bits represent?

How many things can four bits represent?

How many things can five bits represent?

When you increase the number of bits it doubles.

Representing Negative Values

Signed-magnitude number representation

The sign represents the ordering, and the digitis represent the magnitude of the number.

Using two decimal digits,
 let 1 through 49 represent 1 through 49
 let 50 through 99 repesent -50 through -1

To perform addition, add the numbers and discard any carry.

A-B=A+(-B)
Add the negative of the second to the first.

Formula to computer the negative represesntaiton of a number

Negative(I) =10^k - I, where k is the number of digits

The presesntation is called the ten's complement.

Negative(5)=100-50=50
Negative(49)=100-49=51
Negative(35)=100-35=65
Negative(1)=100-1=99

Two's Complement
(Veritcal line is easier to read)

00000000

-128-127

Negative(128)=256-128=128
Negative(127)=256-127=129

Addition and subtraction are the same as in 10's complement arithmetic.

-127 10000001
+   1  00000001
------
-126  10000010

Real numbers**

A number with a whole part and a fractional part
104.32, 0.999999, 357.0, and 3.14159

Positions to the right of the decimal point are the teneths position: 10^-1, 10^-2, 10^-3

Same ryles apply in binary as in decimal. Decimal point is actually the radix point. Positions to the right of the radix point binary are 2^-1 (one half) 2^-2 (one quarter), 2^-3 (one eight)

Representing text

There are finite number of caracters to represent, so list them all and assign each a binary string.

01000001=65=A
01000010=66=B
01000011=67=C
01000100=68=D

32 is the difference between capital and lower case letters on this string.

01100001=97=a
01100010=98=b

Unicode uses 16bits 2^16=65,536 (for foreign languages like Chinese...etc)

1111111111111111

ASCII stnads form American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

ASCII originally used seven bits to represent each character, allowing for 128 bits.

Text Compression

Assigning 16 bits to each character in a document uses too much files space.

We need ways to store and transmit text effeicently.

Text compression techniques.
-keyword encoding
-run-length encoding
-Huffman encoding

Keyword Encoding

Replace frequently used words with a single character.

Run-length encoding.

A signle character may bre repeated over and over again in a long squence.

Replace a repeated sequence with
-a flag character
-repeated character
-number....

Huffman Encoding

Huffman codes use variable-length bit strings to repesent each character.

More frequently used letters have shorter strings to represent them.

Morse code
ETAOINS
*_                  dit and dah

Huffman

2^n  n is number of bits

5bits is 2^5=32

Hexadecimal means base 16

10 - A
11 - B
12 - C
13 - D
14 - E
15 - F

Convert a binary number to hexadecimal
1. Group your bits into groups of four
2. Covert each group to a Hexadecimal  value

             16^1= 16  16^0= 1    16x10 = 160 1x10= 10......160+10=170
10101010 = AA

8421     8421
1010     1010
   A           A


1000 1011 0111
8       11=B     7

Converting hexadecimal to binary

7E9
0111 1110 1001

135 convert to binary   135-128=7

128    64   32 16  8  4  2  1
 1          0    0   0   0  1  1  1

Convert 345 to decimal 345-256=...

256  128  64  32  16  8  4  2  1
1        0     1    0     1   1  0  0  1

convert 101011001

0001 0101 1001
1        5         9 = 159

1+1= 0 carry the 1 so it looks like 10
9+1=10

  111111
  1010111
+1001011
-------------
 10100010


1 1       1
1110011
+  11001
-----------
0101000

10001100 is the flippin answer... >_<

Great subtracting while fighting to stay awake... arghhhh caffeine gave up on me...

  12
0202
1010111
- 111011
------------
 0011100

**teacher and vest kid are discussing calculus....wtc....hahaha I wanna burst out into laughter...oh.how I want to...LOL! sooooo boring here and the a/c broke because of rain over the weekend.

**another discussion with vest kid and teacher...talking about encrypting email because of the Patriot Act. Vest kid says hey get a hotmail...lol

COBOL & BUG =made by this old lady from about 50 years ago

**teacher made a startrek reference...what am I getting into?